![]() ĭespite the considerable genetic differences between and within species, there is a great physiological similarity among plants from the temperate zone as many of them depend on vernalization for floral induction. The combined effect of two or more of these agents results in an integrated regulatory network that controls flowering time and quality. Flowering is induced, initiated and promoted both by internal and environmental cues, such as physiological age, gibberellin synthesis, photoperiod, and/or temperatures. Perennial plant species carefully time their flowering with seasonal changes to ensure and maximize reproductive success. Therefore, in bulb, low temperatures stimulate cascades of developmental mechanisms, and several genetic flowering pathways intermix to achieve successful sexual and vegetative reproduction. The reserved photoperiodic pathway is integrated at an upstream point, possibly by the same receptors. Low temperatures stimulate a large cascades of molecular mechanisms in garlic, and a variety of flowering pathways operate together for the benefit of meristem transition, annual life cycle and viable reproduction results.The circadian clock appears to play a central role in the transition of the meristem from vegetative to reproductive stage in bulbous plant, serving as integrator of the low-temperature signals and the expression of the genes associated with vernalization, photoperiod and meristem transition. Comparisons between vernalized and non-vernalized bulbs revealed ~ 14,000 differentially expressed genes. In contrast, non-vernalized plants did not undergo meristem transition. Vernalization for 12 weeks at 4 ☌ and planting in November resulted in flower initiation under short photoperiod in December–January, and early blooming and bulbing. Photoperiod signal is not involved in the initial nuclear and metabolic processes, but might play role in the later stages of development, flower stem elongation and bulbing. ![]() Long dark cold exposure of bulbs is a major cue for flowering and bulbing, and its interactions with the genetic makeup of the individual plant dictate the phenotypic expression during growth stage. ResultsĬomparative morpho-physiological and transcriptome analyses and quantitative validation of gene expression shed light on the molecular regulation of the responses to vernalization in garlic, a typical bulbous plant. Many geophytes are extensively used in agriculture, but mechanisms of regulation of their flowering and bulbing are still unclear. Bulbing and flowering of the geophyte depend on the combined effects of the internal and external factors, especially temperature and photoperiod. Geophytes possess specialized storage organs - bulbs, tubers, corms or rhizomes, which allow their survival during unfovarable periods and provide energy support for sprouting and sexual and vegetative reproduction.
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